In electronic design automation, front-end stages of the design cycle are logical and electrical design (e.g., schematic capture, logic synthesis). Sometimes floorplanning is also considered front-end. back-end are place and route, custom layout design and physical verification (design rule checking, layout versus schematic, parasitics extraction). 0 ?3 g2 X! {1 y s9 S8 [( Y: j4 J